In Sarawak alone, a total of 692 Leptospirosis cases have been reported from January 1 to October 27, 2018. Compared to 501 of total cases in 2017 for the same period, the trend shows an increasing trend of 38.1 percent (191 cases). Meanwhile, as of October 27, Sarawak has recorded four confirmed Leptospirosis death.
In 2017, for the same period a total of three confirmed deaths due to Leptospirosis were reported. To date, Kapit has the highest number of Leptospirosis cases in Sarawak.
Here are some information that you need to know about Leptospirosis:
Introduction
Leptospirosis is a disease caused by Leptospira bacteria. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Some infected persons, however, may have no symptoms at all.
Without treatment, Leptospirosis can lead to kidney damage, meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver failure, respiratory distress, and even death.
Infection
The bacteria that cause leptospirosis are spread through the urine of infected animals, which can get into water or soil and can survive there for weeks to months.
Many different kinds of wild and domestic animals carry the bacterium. These can include, but are not limited to:
-Cattle
-Pigs
-Horses
-Dogs
-Rodents
-Wild animals
When these animals are infected, they may have no symptoms of the disease. Infected animals may continue to excrete the bacteria into the environment continuously or every once in a while for a few months up to several years.
Humans can become infected through:
-Contact with urine (or other body fluids, except saliva) from infected animals.
-Contact with water, soil, or food contaminated with the urine of infected animals.
The bacteria can enter the body through skin or mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth), especially if the skin is broken from a cut or scratch. Drinking contaminated water can also cause infection. Outbreaks of leptospirosis are usually caused by exposure to contaminated water, such as floodwaters. Person to person transmission is rare.
Signs and Symptoms
In humans, Leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:
-High fever
-Headache
-Chills
-Muscle aches
-Vomiting
-Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes)
-Red eyes
-Abdominal pain
-Diarrhea
-Rash
Many of these symptoms can be mistaken for other diseases. In addition, some infected persons may have no symptoms at all.
The time between a person’s exposure to a contaminated source and becoming sick is two days to four weeks. Illness usually begins abruptly with fever and other symptoms.
Leptospirosis may occur in two phases:
-After the first phase (with fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, or diarrhea) the patient may recover for a time but become ill again.
-If a second phase occurs, it is more severe; the person may have kidney or liver failure or meningitis.
The illness lasts from a few days to three weeks or longer. Without treatment, recovery may take several months.
Risk of Exposure
Leptospirosis occurs worldwide, but is most common in temperate or tropical climates. It is an occupational hazard for many people who work outdoors or with animals, such as:
-Farmers
-Mine workers
-Sewer workers
-Slaughterhouse workers
-Veterinarians and animal caretakers
-Fish workers
-Dairy farmers
-Military personnel
The disease has also been associated with swimming, wading, kayaking, and rafting in contaminated lakes and rivers. As such, it is a recreational hazard for campers or those who participate in outdoor sports.
The risk is likely greater for those who participate in these activities in tropical or temperate climates.
In addition, incidence of Leptospirosis infection among urban children appears to be increasing.
Treatment
Leptospirosis is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, which should be given early in the course of the disease.
Intravenous antibiotics may be required for persons with more severe symptoms. Persons with symptoms suggestive of leptospirosis should contact a health care provider.
Prevention
The risk of acquiring leptospirosis can be greatly reduced by not swimming or wading in water that might be contaminated with animal urine, or eliminating contact with potentially infected animals.
Protective clothing or footwear should be worn by those exposed to contaminated water or soil because of their job or recreational activities.
